In a non-defining relative clause, which can refer to the whole idea in the previous clause rather than a single noun, as in he arrived late, which annoyed everyone. This use always requires a comma before which and never appears in defining clauses; that cannot replace it here.
Grammar Rule
In a non-defining relative clause, which can refer to the whole idea in the previous clause (sentential/clausal reference), not just a single noun: He arrived late, which annoyed everyone. Always preceded by a comma, never used in defining clauses, and which can never be replaced by that in this function.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses with Which Referring to a Whole Clause: Rules and Examples
| Use | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Which referring to whole clause | comma required; which is not replaceable by that here | The flight was delayed six hours, which meant we missed our connection. |
| Which referring to a noun | ordinary non-defining clause | The car, which was red, sped off. |
Remember: Use a comma before which whenever it summarizes the whole previous clause rather than a single noun.
Practice Test
Instructions
Answer each question in the test below using which to refer to a whole previous clause correctly. You will get a new random set of questions every time you retake the test, plus a downloadable results summary with your name and score at the end.
C1-05 Non-Defining Relative Clauses with Which Referring to a Whole Clause
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can which refer to an entire previous clause?
Yes, as in he arrived late, which annoyed everyone.
Is a comma required before this use of which?
Yes, a comma is always required before which in this function.
Can that replace which in this structure?
No, that can never replace which when it refers to a whole previous clause.
Does this structure appear in defining relative clauses?
No, it only appears in non-defining relative clauses.