Whereas and whilst are subordinating conjunctions joining two parallel clauses of contrast, as in whereas the north thrived, the south declined. Nonetheless is a conjunctive adverb needing a semicolon or full stop, not a comma, while notwithstanding functions as a preposition governing a noun phrase.
Grammar Rule
Whereas and whilst are subordinating conjunctions joining two clauses of contrast; the clauses should mirror each other grammatically for a parallel effect. Nonetheless is a conjunctive adverb meaning despite this and cannot join two independent clauses with only a comma — it needs a semicolon or full stop. Notwithstanding is unusual: it functions as a preposition governing a noun phrase, appearing before or after it.
Contrast Connectors with Parallel Structures: Rules and Examples
| Connector | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Whereas / Whilst | subordinating conjunction; keep clauses parallel | Whereas the north thrived, the south declined. |
| Nonetheless | conjunctive adverb; needs semicolon/full stop | The plan was risky; nonetheless, they proceeded. |
| Notwithstanding | preposition + noun phrase, before or after it | Notwithstanding the risks, they proceeded. |
Remember: Whereas/whilst need two parallel clauses; punctuate nonetheless with a semicolon or full stop; treat notwithstanding as a preposition, not a conjunction.
Practice Test
Instructions
Answer each question in the test below using contrast connectors with parallel structures correctly. You will get a new random set of questions every time you retake the test, plus a downloadable results summary with your name and score at the end.
C1-41 Contrast Connectors with Parallel Structures
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Frequently Asked Questions
What kind of word are whereas and whilst?
Subordinating conjunctions joining two clauses of contrast, as in whereas the north thrived, the south declined.
How should nonetheless be punctuated between two independent clauses?
With a semicolon or full stop, never a bare comma, as in the plan was risky; nonetheless, they proceeded.
What part of speech is notwithstanding?
A preposition governing a noun phrase, as in notwithstanding the risks, they proceeded.
Should the clauses after whereas or whilst be parallel?
Yes, they should mirror each other grammatically for a parallel effect.